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Want A $10,000 House?
Homes For Sale In Huntsville Al - Want A ,000 House?
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1. Find towns that are affordable.
2. Find houses you like.
3. Make an offer.
1. Affordable Towns
Altoona, Pennsyvania still had dozens of homes for sale for less than ,00 when I checked today. The cheapest one is listed for ,500. As the photo on our site shows, this is a cute puny town, yet still big enough to have all you need.
Hot Springs, Arkansas has houses under ,000, the cheapest at the moment being ,500. Alamogordo, New Mexico is a town we like a lot, and it still has homes for sale under ,000. Independence, Kansas has literally cheap homes. Prices start under ,000!
2. Affordable Homes
To find houses that are for sale in these towns and others, you can look up their local newspapers online, and check out the classifieds. You can find a local real estate agent online too, and give them a call. One of the best resources, though, is probably http://www.Realtor.com, where you can crusade any town for homes listed by price, whole of bedrooms, and many other criteria.
3. Buying A ,000 House
Don't think that if you don't see homes listed for ,000, you can't buy one. When we were living in Anaconda, Montana (where we bought a beautiful house for ,500), we watched as a house listed for ,000 ultimately dropped to ,900, and then was ultimately sold for ,000! In towns where houses are this cheap, they often sell for much less than their first asking price. Make an offer!
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10B Oakhurst Avenue Video Clips. Duration : 1.22 Mins.mental of Buying a Used mobile Home? 18 Steps For What to Watch Out For and How to Do it Right
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1. Age. If your finances are tight, do not buy anything older than 1977. That is the cutout time for good financing and also the year a lender can decree if the used mobile home is a Hud home. 1976 and older were registered with Dmv and not built to code. Therefor, lenders requires a 20% down on a 1976 or older. The term will be no longer than 15 years and the rate will be somewhere around 11-12%. That is a lot to pay. 1977 or newer requires only 10% down, you can get 20 years of financing and the rate is 1-2% lower. That is a much Better deal. If the home is newer, the rate can be as low as 8%. Preferable, look for a home that is no more than 15 years old.
2. Park. Not all parks are stylish by the lenders. Before production an offer to purchase, get yourself loan stylish for that singular park. If the space rent is too high or if there are too many foreclosures in the park, lenders might say no to financing.
3. Rent control. Is it or is it not? Most parks are but some are not. If not, make sure yo fully understand what kind of annual increase the park will impose on you. You might not mind paying that extra increase per year but each time the space rent is raised, the value of your mobile home Will go down. Its like a car, depreciating. Still, it beats renting an apartment with habitancy above, below, left and right.
4. Crime. Does the park have a safety program? Is the park patrolled commonly by a safety patrol company? If not, you probably should stay away. Yes, it is true, all residents have to ensue the rules and regulations but if there is no security, many things can happen. A safety patrol is a deterrent, crime will go elsewhere. Call the park manager and inquire. You can also call the local police office and ask for a crime report. Strongly recommended.
5. Pets. What is the parks policy? Your 80 ldb golden retriever might have a Very hard time getting approved. Same for your pitt bull or any other so called "vicious breed". Most parks will Not approve them. There is only one park in the Santa Clarita Valley that will approve a large dog, even two. However, no "vicious breeds". How stupid. Recently, I had a dog trainer with good credit, a large down payment and a German shepherd. That dog was the most well trained German shepherd but no, determined "vicious". So are dobermans, boxers, pinchers, chows and a consolidate of more. Request with the park Before looking at any used (or new) mobile home. Save yourself the time (and your agents) by looking out first.
6. Neighbors. Most habitancy are nice. However, since you are going to be living in tight quarters (most mobile home spaces are small and set very intimately together), go and talk to the neighbors. Both the ones next door and some a few doors down. The ones a few doors down are the ones that will tell you what legitimately is going on. Maybe the consolidate next door do not get along any more. Maybe there is an alcohol problem. Maybe the kids play too loud. You need to know. Drive by in the evening, hang around for a while. Do the same for the weekend. Spend an hour on a Saturday night, driving around the mobile home park, you will then now if this is a place for you.
7. Managers. Do they do a great job? Do they care? Do they make the residents ensue the rules and regulations? Do they dispose get togethers every now and then? Any holiday dinners? Do they release a newsletter to keep you updated? Do you feel welcome in their office? Most managers take great pride in their park and are happy to try to help you. Make sure that is the case.
8. Trash. An old toilet sitting at the end of a car port? Knee-high weeds? A car jacked up and being worked on in a carport? You do not want that. What you should want, is a clean, manicured park society where the residents take pride in their mobile homes and keeps their surroundings clean. A garage is not supposed to be used for storehouse (or a back yard). A shed is where you keep your excess belongings, period.
9. mobile home values. Keeping steady? Going up? Declining? Have your Realtor find out for you. Buying a used mobile home is very much like buying a used car. A seller can set any price but is it worth it? Please do not over-pay. If you need to finance your used mobile home, you are then in a much safer position. You are then required to pay for an assessment to find out the Real value of the mobile home. However, if you are planning to buy your mobile home for cash, watch out. No assessment is required but I would advise you pay the 0 to the appraiser. It could save you thousands. The choice is yours.
10. Condition and Safety. What Condition is the mobile home in? The basics should all be there. If not, it is the sellers responsibility to have it done. That includes;
A. Smoke alarms. Each bedroom needs one, that is the code. And, it needs to be working!
B. Water heater. Needs to be double-strapped and not with those tiny metal bands that has slight wholes in them. Is there a pressure release valve? If it where to over-flow, does the pipe go underneath? Should not. It needs to increase out to the side of the skirting. Is the water heater closet dry-walled? Has to be. Any leaks?
C. Steps. Are they solid? No rips in the rug (trip hazard)? What about the railing? Is it loose? Can not be. How far apart are the rails? Should not be more than 4" so that a small child can Not get stuck in between.
D. Cooling system. Does it work? It is not legitimately a Condition and safety issue but if it were me, I would insist on it or ask for a discount in price. Who wants to live in a used mobile home, maybe with metal siding as well, and summer comes around and it is 105 degrees outside.
E. The furnace. When was it last serviced and how dirty is the pad? Take a good look and make sure it works. Have person come and take a look at it.
F. Plumbing. Any leaks? Should not. Run all faucets and look underneath.
G. Electrical. Does all the outlets and the switches work? Make sure they do. Gfi's? You do not want the risk of being electrocuted. Both kitchen and bathrooms needs Gfi plugs.
H. Roof. Any leaks? Look around determined to see if there are any water stains in the ceilings or around the upper walls. How old is the roof?
I. Earthquake bracing. Does it have it? Bring a flashlight and open up the access door in the skirting. There should be (on a double wide mobile home), two in the front and two in the back. Compare them to the regular piers and jacks. Are they beefier? Bolted to the I-beam? They should be. Surprisingly enough, there are still some used mobile homes out there who do Not have them. On top of that, it is not determined a Condition and safety issue and it is perfectly legal to sell a used mobile home Without them!
If you do buy a used mobile home without earthquake bracing and later on decides that it was not the smartest idea, a contractor will payment you about 00 to setup them. Not cheap. If it does not have it, ask for a price discount and then order the escrow company to set aside 00 to the contractor. At the close of escrow, your contractor will come out and setup them for you. If you can have him setup it the day Before close of escrow even better. Because, if you just take a price reduction, you are going to be so busy attractive and exited about your purchase of your mobile home. You'll "forget" about the bracing and end up buying new furniture instead!
Ideally, you should hire a Condition and safety inspector who Knows how to search for a mobile home
8. Once you are park-approved, it is time to program your Condition & safety inspection. You are free to use any licensed Condition & safety inspector for your inspection or I can advise some to you. Besides the Condition & safety inspection , I would strongly advise you have an electrician look over the home. Sometimes, a regular h&s inspector can not legitimately know what's going on. These inspections are not free and depending on who it is, they all payment slightly different. When we go to see the inspectors at your hereafter home, please bring your check bock. Once the inspection is over, the inspector will go over his findings with you.
9. It is now 24-48 hours after that the Condition & safety inspection took place and now we are Keeping the report in our hands, going through it together. It is the sellers responsibility to cover any Condition & safety issues, such as electrical, plumbing, roof, smoke alarms, double-strapped water heater and so on. anything cosmetic is just that, cosmetic and the seller does not have to do anything. However, you could all the time try to negotiate if you strongly feel there is something you want the seller to do and of course, I am there for you, every step of the way.
10. Termites? Pesky slight critters and they are commonly Everywhere! We would legitimately want to have the home inspected for that too. We will get a written report with a diagram, showing their findings. anything that they find that is classified as a Section I, has to be taken care of and hopefully, the seller is willing to do that. If not, it's on you. I have a very strong conception in regards to termites. That is, if I were buying a home, why should I have to pay for somebody else termite problem? I never lived there. I did not ask them. So, why pay? On the other hand, if I got the home at a very good deal, I would probably pay for it. It is your decision and hopefully we will not run in to this problem if the seller gladly pays. Section 2 are recommendations from the termite inspector of things that will need attentiveness in the hereafter and are not items that has to be taken care of now. Termite inspections are paid through escrow.
11. Time to order your appraisal. An assessment will be critical if you are going to finance your purchase, the lender will want it. This is an charge that can not be financed and you will have to pay it upfront whether by meeting the appraiser at your hereafter home or by simply writing the check to the appraiser and let me handle it for you.
12. Your loan conditions. When you first got pre-approved, we submitted positive papers to the lender. There might also be supplementary paperwork they are asking for and anything that is, now is the time for us to do that.
13. Your home has now been appraised and hopefully, it did appraise. If not, we might need to whether re-negotiate with the seller or you might have to come up with a larger down payment, anything is the case or we might have to look for other home for you.
14. Your loan documents are now ready to be signed and there will also be supplementary paperwork from escrow to sign, such as risky disclosures. We live in earthquake country, there are weighty rains sometimes and we get flooded. You might be close to a prison or maybe an airport. These things are hazardous, we all live with them. Escrow wants you to know this,and you already do. When you go to sign all this papers, please bring your cashiers check for the balance of the down payment. Before you do, I will give you an estimated windup statement so that you know how much to bring. There will be an overage, meaning escrow will ask for a slight bit more, just in case. We do not want to delay windup escrow because they are a few dollars short (maybe they needed to over-night a box twice).
15. Time for us to do a final inspection of the home. We want to make sure that everything that needed to be taken care of, has been done. We will do a final walk-through together.
16. You are now going to go to your appointment with the park to sign your lease, read and sign the park rules & regulations and pay your space rent and deposit. This takes about 1 ½ hour. If this is in the middle of the month, escrow will pro-rate the space rent. Parks do not take partial payment, only full. The deposit is refundable after paying your space rent on time for 12 consecutive months. You can then, in writing, ask for it back.
17. The loan has now funded, the money has been received by escrow, every singular piece of paper has been signed by all parties complex and escrow is now closed. Congratulations! You Are Now A Home Owner.
18. I will give you your final windup statement from escrow and perhaps a check too, together with the keys to the home, Time To Start attractive In!
Again, congratulations. Let me know when the movers are coming, I want to order you some take-out and something to drink, you are going to be too busy and besides, who has time to cook while moving.
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Getting the Basics Right: What is Rent to Own?
If you are new to real estate, the term "rent to own" can be quite misleading. It implies you are renting a house and buying it afterwards. That is only half right: A rent to own ageement can be dismantled into 2 parts: A lease arrangement and selection to purchase. So to be more precise, rent to own is in fact renting a house now with the exclusive right to buy it at a fixed price sometime in the time to come (so it's not a must to purchase it).
Now a lease to own trade sure seems like a good deal for the buyer... Who gets a place to stay and reserves the exclusive right of buying it in the future. Of procedure there's never a free lunch in real estate, and the buyer has to fork out extra for these perks and privileges... In the form of extra rent (rent premium) and a lump sum for the selection to purchase (option fee). No worries we will drill deeper into these costs below.
A rent to own ageement focuses heavily on the selection to purchase and often only lays down a rough figure for the lease. That's why you will need to pair it with a cut off rental trade to work out the finer details of the lease.
Option to Purchase: How Long and How Much?
Just like a general property sale, the buyer and the jobber will first have to agree on a selling price. Once the bargaining is over and the rent to own form is signed, this sale price will be locked in until it's time for the buyer to exercise the selection to purchase. This selection duration is often between 1 to 3 years, which will be the duration of the lease as well.
Let's say we have a rent to own ageement for a house with a selling price of 0,000 and an selection duration of 2 years. What happens is that the buyer will first have to rent the house for 2 years and once the 2 years is up, he or she will have the right to buy the house for 0,000 (regardless of whether housing prices have risen or fallen during that 2 years).
Of course, the buyer has to pay a price to enjoy this option... Most folks call it selection fees while lawyers label it as selection observation in a rent to own contract. whether way, they are the same thing and what matters more is how much it will cost. It is coarse for the selection fee to be between 1 to 5% of the property's sale price.
If the buyer chooses to exercise his or her selection to purchase, this selection fee will become part of the down payment. If the selection isn't exercised and the deal falls through, the jobber gets to pocket the selection fee as a consolation prize. Both ways the selection fee is still non-refundable.
Rent Premium: Extra Rent that Can be Recovered
In a rent to own agreement, a buyer has to pay higher-than-market rent - That's because on top of the general rent rates, he or she has to cough up further money as rent premium.
The rent premium works like this: If the buyer ends up buying the property, this rent premium graduates into a rent credit... Which goes toward paying off the purchase price of the house. In eyes of a man (who exercises the selection to purchase), paying rent premium is akin to building up equity in his or her time to come home.
To give an example, let's say we have a 0,000 rent to own house that normally rents for ,000 a month. The buyer and jobber have agreed on a rent premium of 0 and lease duration of 2 years... So the buyer will be paying ,200 each month instead. If the buyer ends up buying the house 2 years down the road, all of the rent premium (,400) will go towards the total selling price so the buyer now owes the jobber ,600.
If the buyer fails to close the deal and purchase the house, this rent premium will be swallowed up by the seller. In this case, the jobber is acting as a landlord who leased out his or her property at a gainful rate.
Rent to own contracts are beloved in a housing downturn where buyers are few and far between... And the jobber needs man quick to cover the stifling mortgage payments. This same arrangement will benefit buyers who are not yet able to get their hands on a mortgage loan... So the lease duration buys them costly time to build up equity and fix credit scores.
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Hi friends. Now, I learned all about Homes For Sale In Huntsville Al - What Does the Term "Market Value" Mean?. Which could be very helpful in my experience so you. What Does the Term "Market Value" Mean?When a real estate agent talks to you about listing your home, you'll hear a great deal of talk about "market value," but just what's meant by that term? In this article, we're only going to be considering your single house home, because dissimilar standards and calculation methods apply to commercial and speculation property, but let's gawk what shop value is, and how it's determined.
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Market Value of single house Homes
Put simply, a home's shop value is the price at which it should sell once it's put on the shop for a inexpensive estimate of time, which ordinarily means thirty to ninety days.
Within that definition are two main variables that influence a home's shop value: the house itself, and the time duration during which it's to be sold. First, let's look at the house itself. Every home sits in some kind of neighborhood, either it's in the middle of downtown or way out in the country, and the location of a house will have a large influence on its shop value.
The neighborhood is important, but condition of the house is also an leading factor when it comes to determining its shop value. The nicest home in the neighborhood normally will have the highest shop value, while a house that needs a great deal of reparation will be worth less, even if it's in the best neighborhood in town.
The condition and location of a home will influence the shop value in proportion to how fast the owner wants to sell it. In order to attract a greater estimate of buyers and to sell the home more quickly, the price will need to be lower, which brings us to the second factor in the shop value equation: time.
Regardless of where it may be located, if a house doesn't sell with the one to three month marketing period, the chances are that it was overpriced. Even brand-new homes, in brand-new subdivisions, in the most desirable part of town won't sell within thirty to sixty days if the price is too high. (On the flip side, if a home sells in a week or less, the chances are that the marketing price was too low. But most of the time, errors in calculating shop value are made on the too-high side.)
Determining shop value is both an art and a science, and a skilled real estate agent, armed with data about the area, other listings, and former sales, can ordinarily come quite close to a price that will get the home sold within one to three months. After all, it's their job to help get you the best sales price inherent - in a inexpensive estimate of time.
Copyright © Jeanette J. Fisher
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Men and women also commit violence but their motivations are likely to be different; men may do so to utter their dominance over a situation, a territory, or person; to ensure that their masculinity is not in doubt. Women may do so in defence of their children, themselves, family, friends and possibly even their property. However, if women are becoming as violent as men for the same reasons as men, does this mean we are captivating in a direction which is irreversible? Would such a trend, if it truly existed, necessarily be a dangerous one? More importantly, why does the idea of women becoming violent (or becoming more violent) cause such consternation in society whilst violence by, and towards, men is appropriate as part of their masculinity?
Women are statistically less likely to commit crimes, particularly crimes of violence; however, numbers of women being arrested, cautioned and imprisoned for violent offences are rising. Media reports and government statistics all appear to show that women are increasingly involved in crime, particularly violent crime. In England and Wales, the amount of females in custody was 4,445 (24 November 2006) with the top amount being attributed to drugs offences whilst violence was second. In Scotland, the form was 326 (24 November 2006), though ambiguous as it does not specify the gender of (i) 'lifers' who have been recalled (ii) those convicted but awaiting sentence/deportation (iii) those under sixteen years of age. Williams states that, in a nine year period, there was a rise of 140% for female offenders incarcerated (1993-2001) despite the fact that offending rates remained relatively stable. In the United States, figures show that although incarceration rates were rising, violent offences by women were going in the opposite direction; women's involvement in violent offences showed a minimal rise (from 10.8% to 12.3%). This may, however, be reflective of changes in recording, prosecuting and incarcerating female offenders rather than any actual increase in the rate of female offending itself.
Violence is often fuelled by substance abuse, via alcohol or drugs or both and this is the case both for men and women. Males perpetrate the top numbers of crimes, violent or otherwise, and they also catalogue for the top amount of victims of violent assaults; women, however, as perpetrators of violent crimes in single are on the however women are apparently working hard to catch up. Certainly, the media portrays young women as being 'as bad as boys' when it comes to violence, particularly when fuelled by alcohol; city centres across the Uk have a large problem with violence but this is possibly due to an addition culture of binge-drinking. Indeed, as recently as December 2006, reports of violence fuelled by alcohol were in the news again; this time, however, the focus was not the violence as such, but that the perpetrators of the violence were female.
A Bbc description quotes Dr Jon Cole of Liverpool University who believes that, whilst it does not cause aggression, alcohol stops sensible choices being made "You make the easiest choice, which is often aggression". The same description refers to a study by The Glasgow Centre for the Study of Violence which showed that women were involved in roughly half of all the pub fights observed. Further, healing research shows that testosterone levels in women rise by fifty percent in females, but is lower in males when they come to be drunk.
Violence however is a term which can be interpreted in many ways: one single study shows females' understanding and interpretation of violence is unusual (see Burman below). There are appropriate definitions of violence or aggression: crime is "an action which constitutes a serious offence against an private or...state..."; violence: "behaviour captivating bodily force intended to hurt, damage, or kill; force of emotion or of a destructive natural force". Aggression: "hostile or violent behaviour or attitudes; the act of attacking without provocation...".
In the study undertaken by Burman et al, verbal abuse and the spreading of rumours was seen as 'violent' or more aggressive than bodily violence (such as being punched). If verbal, rather than physical, violence causes more concern girls, should we take this as an indication that girls reconsider violence to be a psychological rather than bodily problem? Why do some girls have a greater fear of violence which is spoken whilst most people, and particularly boys, are more inclined to class violence as a bodily assault?
Fear of violence is often more potent as it is the 'unknown'; the literal, time and place of being the recipient of violence is unknown with domestic violence victims, but they are kept on alert because they know it is going to occur at some point. However, from a legal point of view, violence and violent crime, is where bodily injury is inflicted and only in modern years was psychological trauma appropriate as a 'violent offence' (see security from Harassment Act 1997).
Given the low numbers of women who offend, both historically and in modern times, it is unsurprising that studies into female criminality were whether ignored or undertaken in relation to their interaction with, and response to, male violence and criminality. It is also unsurprising that female criminologists found the need to fill this gap. In the past, women were classified into two types: mad or bad. Most female offenders convicted of violent crimes were seen as women who fought back against domestic violence or who protected their children; others were thought about 'evil' and historically, were thought about witches or concubines of the devil. We may now have a good understanding of criminality, but this has not stopped the 'bad' or 'mad' viewpoint from being represented by the media, the communal and in some quarters of the criminal justice system when females are involved.
Women are viewed as more deviant than their male counterparts as they have not only offended against the criminal code but also against communal convention. Whereas communal rules and custom have changed over time, women are still thought about to be mothers, wives, lovers and workers but not offenders; rarely do we expect women to commit violent offences. Those who do are vilified for years possibly serving longer terms than male counterparts, particularly when they offend against those they are supposed to protect.
Myra Hindley and Beverley Allit both murdered children; Allit did so as a nurse so could be again seen as doubly deviant as her work - as well as her gendered role - was one of carer.
It is difficult of policy to do a permissible comparative diagnosis without knowing the details of the 'violence against the person' offences committed by both men and women. There are a amount of 'assaults' committed by women which may well not have been prosecuted had they been committed by men; it is impossible to say without knowing more about both the offence and the offender (regardless of gender). Obtaining goods for sale (to furnish money to pay bills/food) or obtaining goods - such as shoplifting food/clothing is more tasteless among female offenders than males. diagnosis of current statistics shows that the top amount of female offenders committed 'drugs offences' with the second top being for 'violence against the person' followed by 'theft and handling'. For many, women who commit violence do so generally in self-defence or security of a child; females are not seen as inherently violent. But is this perception false or misleading?
Most studies of the culture and phenomenon of gangs tend to focus on males (though some do mention 'girl gangs' or girls in gangs as a peripheral but distinctly intricate part of a predominantly male gang). However, a problem arises which is twofold: firstly and possibly obviously, not all female offenders - violent or otherwise - are in gangs. Secondly, there is a danger that the study will produce results more likely to furnish an understanding into gang culture rather than any comparative study of female and male criminality.
Current statistics show the top amount of female offenders committed 'drugs offences' with the second top for 'violence against the person' followed by 'theft and handling'. For many, women who commit violence do so generally in self-defence or security of a child; females are not seen as inherently violent. But is this perception false?
One of the inherent reasons behind women committing fewer 'serious' offences could be their role as mother/carer. Given that a large proportion of children are whether brought up by single mothers or by mothers due to fathers working longer hours (or being the sole breadwinner) women commonly have the main, if not sole, responsibility for child rearing. Therefore, the capability for women commit crimes - unless they left their children elsewhere, or were childless - was severely restricted. The risk of being caught and sent to prison - and violent offences commonly attract higher tariffs - meant that any advantage of committing a crime seemed unattractive. Of course, this assumes that women who commit offences chose to do so for pragmatic/rational reasons; classicists will be jumping for joy!
In terms of victimisation, women are largely accountable for rape or other sexual assaults but even here the amount of disproportionate statistical diagnosis is difficult given that male rape and male sexual assault is under-reported and (in some countries) legally ignored. Stigma attached to victims of sexual assault is horrendous for female victims but this is more so when victims are male. This is largely due to men being perceived as (i) the aggressors or (ii) physically able to fight off an assault.
In England and Wales, legislation is quite specific in terms of the crime of rape in that a penis must be inserted into whether a vagina or the anal passage (or mouth); so whilst a victim may be whether male or female, the perpetrator must be male. In Scots law, the act of rape can only be committed by a man on a woman; male on male sexual assault is just that - sexual/indecent assault but not rape. Where victim and perpetrator are one and the same (e.g. An abused wife retaliates against her husband) there are inconsistencies in the middle of the genders. agreeing to Cedaw, women are more likely to 'to be killed than to kill' but the legal system discriminates; women who kill their [often abusive] husbands are convicted of murder whilst men who kill their wives are convicted of manslaughter. Thus, if convicted of murder which women are, the only sentence ready is life; even when convicted of murder, men and women are still treated differently with tariffs higher for women than men.
Male perpetrators may be more selfish in their advent to crimes; committing offences which are directly of advantage and which give an immediate sense of gain. In violence, men use violence as a first, rather than last resort, as it on two levels it gets them what they want: the first is the object of their attention, the second is status and self-belief in their own ability. Violence for many men seems to be a way to [re]assert their masculinity. Violence committed by women - on the whole - appears to be a last resort; there was no other way to get whether in or out of a situation and thus violence was used.
Of course, there are criminal couples: men and women who work together - though not necessarily in harmony - to make financial and other gains. Prostitutes have for many years used (and been used by) male pimps. The men offer protection, security from harassment whether this is from other working women, evaporative clients and other pimps who want to 'muscle in' on the money earned by the prostitute.
The pimp will use violence as a means of asserting his status has being in operate of both the woman and the environment within which they work. Of course, the prostitute herself is committing a criminal offence in soliciting on the street and may herself use violence against her client and other working women. The implied consent that women give to men who pimp them is that violence is acceptable: they will not want nor like the violence used against them but most accept it as part of their lives and also want the volatility of the pimp to be known to others as a way of protecting themselves from other females and clients.
Theorising about the motivations which drive offenders, male and female, tends to mean that we encapsulate whole groups of people by defining them on the basis of private psycho-social profiles. This may be applicable for instances where groups commit crimes on a large scale, over periods of time, such as ethnic cleansing (which often entails the mass slaughter of males and systematic rape and impregnation of females - as seen in Bosnia for example).
Of course, systematic rape of females - and occasionally males - is a form of violence often used by groups of individuals sanctioned by the state (as seen in war situations) and also individuals in a domestic setting (the husband who soldiery his wife, girlfriend, etc.) and sexual violence is roughly unique in that women - particularly in Scots' Law - are not convicted of rape. There are cases where accomplice of facilitation of rape is conducted by a female against other female but these tend to be rare. One example would be the sexual abuse of young women by Fred West who raped and abused women with his wife; even here, however, the case showed that Fred West has systematically abused his wife and thus she may have complied and committed these acts to sacrifice her own victimisation.
Crime in general, whether violent or otherwise, may be more unquestionably identifiable as a male characteristic in society rather than female simply because of historical communal conventions. Women had to care for their homes and families; opportunities for women to offend were minimal in that they had slight access to places which would allow them to commit crimes. Men, on the other hand, were often the workers, the drinkers, the socialisers (women entertained their friends, but this was often in homes rather than communal houses, etc.) and thus opening was greater for them. If nothing else, in historical times, the clothing a woman wore would make burglary (e.g. Entering a house via a window and then removing goods) quite difficult though possibly not impossible! Even in more modern times, women were seen to steal for 'good' rather than 'bad' reasons: they stole food from supermarkets rather than goods to be sold for hard cash.
Those who were caught may cry and sacrifice themselves to the 'helpless desperate female' and an invariably male security guard or store manager, may find himself torn in the middle of chivalry or sympathy towards the woman and his job. If a man was caught in the same act of theft, it is inherent that (if denial did not work) then aggression would succeed in a negative reaction from staff and thus prosecutions of males were more likely.
Given that males commonly appear to be more confrontational - and this may be anthropological in origin - whereas woman appear to take the path of least resistance, it is inherent that perpetrators of crimes (particularly non-violent crimes) are likely to find that their gender reflects their culpability in the eyes of the law and any promulgation officers.
Over the last few years, and in single in relation to younger offenders, females are less likely to be able to use their gender to escape punishment (though there may be some instances were this still applies, for instance speeding in cars). Whereas historically women might have been viewed as immoral, but not necessarily criminal, modern years have seen a shift so that they are not only immoral but most without fail criminal and thus should be treated equally by the criminal justice system. Inevitably, however, the communal will view the criminal female as more criminal or more deviant than her male counterpart.
Women may also have a more pragmatic advent to criminal activity, violent or otherwise. It might be that they are more particular about exposing themselves to temptation for clear crimes (such as theft, fraud, etc.) or are so particular that they may go undetected. Men may well advent crime with a more arrogant attitude and feel their capability to escape detection is greater than male or female counterparts.
What theories therefore can be applied, if any whether partially or wholly, to violence and the men and the women who use it? It is difficult to state which 'criminological theory' can unquestionably be applied wholly to criminality without being thought about whether aligned to one discourse or other even if the intention is to avoid this. It may be impossible to apply the same theories of criminality for men and women given that attempts thus far have failed to furnish any conclusive reply into the causation of criminality in female or male crimes.
The problem with analysing the comparison in the middle of male and female offenders is that whilst their motives might appear different, this is not necessarily the case. Influences such as biology, psychology, economic and education as well as society in normal will have an impact on each individual's behaviour and their understanding of what is acceptable. Violence is so often used as a means for dispute resolution - particularly in the younger generation - that we may be on an irreversible path.
As seems tasteless within criminology, in order to interpret criminality, attempts are made to encompass causation with one single ideal or theory; it is due to this attempt to treat theories as mutually exclusive which results in failure.
Women are dissimilar in terms of their responses to crime and in single violence, their use of violence against others and their understanding of violence and crime in general. Women have been dominated for so long and now they select to fight back, they are regarded as more dangerous. They are altering perceptions held over a long period of time; that is not to say women will turn into Amazonian women ready to dominate the world and make men submissive creatures! However, if we - as women - want equality, it seems we have to fight twice as hard (even if that fight turns physical).
The criminal justice system now deals with far more women offenders than old decades, but this is also likely to be in part attributable to the medicalisation of female offenders in the past. Now that this is no longer the case, women are identified as criminal not [mentally] ill and thus greater numbers are being included in criminal offending statistics. Greater reporting to the police, due to assurance requirements among other things, means that whereas those offences which may have been overlooked for being petty no longer are treated as inconsequential.
Whether one looks at the lack of implementation of equality for women, or whether men's masculinity is eroded by women's empowerment, whether abuse victims abuse others so they can gain operate and power over another, many individuals commit crimes for reasons understood only by them - and possibly not even then. Theories of crime, causation and criminality will be at ever addition odds as elements of classicism, positivism, strain system or a 'pick-and-mix' advent to all three are rejuvenated depending on the year or decade.
Advances in sciences (natural and social) may also play a part in the future of how criminality is considered; genetic or even communal predisposition for criminality is not something which is seen on the movie screen, it is a reality which will be hitting us very soon if unquestionably it has not already done so.
Indeed, September 2006 saw the Labour Government publish their plans to enhance families' inherent for achievement by the inherent local or even governmental intervention for 'problem families'. Critics were reported as fearing that the Government was entering the dangerous field of eugenics (so fatally but effectively seen during the Holocaust) or by creating Asbos for children who were yet to be born on the basis of their parents' socio-economic status.
Where does this leave the field of criminology? Governments may look to criminologists and other communal scientists to address the interrogate of crime and criminality and causes thereof but they may give slight terms of reference for research projects.
Criminology seeks to furnish a definitive, exact reply to an inexact and (at times) inexplicable question: why do people (whether male or female) commit crime? possibly this is its failure and why, despite a increase of writers on the matter, nobody has arrived at an reply (which I argue is not inherent in any event). Sociological, economical, psychological and biological factors all have to be thought about and taken into catalogue when dealing with any offender, male or female. Many treat criminal causation theories as mutually exclusive.
Criminological system - even when inspecting all the elements therein - seeks to find a definitive reply where it is likely that none exist. Lack of a definitive answer, however, does not necessarily mean criminology has failed; it needs to evolve again. possibly for criminological theory, answers to questions are as fluid as the times in which they are considered. Evolution of criminology and the theories therein mean criminologists will have to select the most logical and pragmatic elements, and discard elements which are obviously flawed (whether in whole or in part). This may be the way forward.
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Bibliography
"Textbook on Criminology" Fifth Edition. Williams, K: Published by Oxford University Press: 2004
"Race, Gender & Class in Criminology: The Intersections". Edited by Milovanovic D & Schwartz M D Published by Garland Publishing in 1996. Episode 7: "Sentencing Women to Prison" by Chesney-Lind, M
Concise Oxford English Dictionary: 11th Ed. Revised. Oxford University Press (2006).
"'Taking It To Heart': Girls and the meanings of violence.' The Meanings of Violence" Burman, M, Brown, J & Batchelor, S. Published by Routledge in 2003.
England & Wales lawful Prison Statistics: Hm Prison Service: October 2006 lawful people Figures
Sexual Offences Act 1956; Criminal Justice & communal Order Act 1994; Sexual Offences Act 2003. Produced by Hmso.
"Violence Against Women in the Uk" Kelly, L; Humphreys C; Sen, P & Womankind Worldwide. Cedaw Thematic Shadow Report. Published in 2003.
Bbc News Website: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5312928.stm dated 5th September 2006
Bbc News Online Magazine: 'On The Lash' by Megan Lane & Tomiko Newson (see link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6213686.stm) dated 8th September 2006.
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